discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia

The spatial distribution of temperature in Ethiopia is primarily determined by altitude andlatitude. In Ethiopia, as in allplaces in the tropics, the air is frost free and changes in solar angles are small making intensesolar radiation. 2011; Jain & Kumar 2012; Suryavanshi et al. Annual total precipitation significantly reduces while the frequency of exceedance of the 95th and 99th percentile thresholds increases significantly. 2007; Fu et al. The period from March to May, as often happens in Ethiopia, is the warmest of the year, albeit by a few degrees. Most of the studies about rainfall and temperature characteristics are limited by short-term and long-term time series available for most parts of the regions. At the annual scale, maximum and minimum temperatures significantly increased in over 33% of the Basin at a rate of 0.1 and 0.15 C per decade, respectively; however, the western part (12%) of. The focus of this research is to introduce the application of the polynomial neural network of the group method of data handling (GMDH) for the first time in the regional area of the New South Wales state of Australia. Fine-scale hydrological simulations driven by the global model results should reproduce these trends. temperature is high during the daytime in some places, and is considerably reduced at nightresulting maximum difference in the daily range.But in the case of monthly averages, variation is minimal and the annual range of temperature issmall. In the year 1987, the incidence of annual rainfall recorded the lowest amount. During the belg (small rainy) season the subdivision indicates a slightly increasing rainfall trend and the bega season (dry season) shows a negative trend, as already presented in Figure2. Fluctuating productivity and hence food insecurity for the area is due to long-term variability in the annual and seasonal rainfall. Over the last three and a half decades, the total annual rainfall of the Beressa watershed has varied from 698.5 to 1,100 mm. Specifically, we examine and evaluate multi-model, multi-scenario climate change projections and seven extreme temperature and precipitation indices over the eastern Himalaya (EH) and western Himalaya-Karakoram (WH) regions for the 21st century. The Geologic Processes: Endogenic and Exogenic Forces, 2.3. The minimum and maximum temperature have increased by 0.8 and 1.1 C/year, respectively.. 3.1 Spatial distribution of rainfall in Ethiopia. The present study aimed to undertake spatiotemporal analysis of seasonal and annual rainfall and temperature and its implications. For example, months from March to June in Ethiopiahave records of highest temperatures. It is vital to link physical data analysis with endogenous knowledge and practices of farmers to strengthen their adaptive capacity. Many researchers have undertaken trend analysis studies of the climate in some other parts of Ethiopia (Addisu et al. However, inEthiopia, as it is a highland country, tropical temperature conditions have no full spatialcoverage. Elsewhere, in other parts of Ethiopia, similar conclusions are reached by Merasha (1999) and Seleshi & Zanke (2004) that the bega and belg rainfall seasons are more highly variable than the main rainy season (kiremit season). Journal of Water and Climate Change 1 December 2019; 10 (4): 799817. Barley, bean and chickpea show significant correlation with maximum temperature. 5.3.1. The spatiotemporal rainfall and temperature distribution are presented in Figures4 and 5 respectively. (2011), adaptation strategies are an important mechanism for managing climatic change and variability. Geography: Definition, Scope and Themes, 1.2. Significantly, the increasing long-term annual minimum and maximum temperature during the study periods indicates that it is more likely this would contribute to the increase of mean annual temperature. Data and Methods 3.1. The average annual aerial rainfall of the Beressa watershed is 891 mm, with a coefficient variation of 30.6% and standard deviation of 227 mm. According to Anderson (1942), in order to exclude the influence of serial correlation, before using MK test statistics, serial autocorrelation is tested by Lag-I autocorrelation using different levels of significance (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1%). About 60 percent of the rain is in autumn and 40 percent in spring. Social fencing is another mechanism that can be adopted in the region. Following theposition of the overhead sun, the ITCZ shifts north and south of the equator. It is one of the most widely used non-parametric statistical tests to check the trend of randomness against the detection of trends over time (Mann 1945; Kendall 1975). The principal sources of uncertainty for the indicators and modelling results are discussed and, where appropriate, reflected in the assessments. Mainly, the regional topography and seasonal evolution of the large-scale circulation determined the geographical distribution of rainfall in Ethiopia (Diro et al., 2011).Global and regional change of the weather systems and the topographic variation together with the seasonal cycles are reason or major cause for the spatial variability of . Conversely, low flow conditions will intensify during the warm months. Based on these observations, the rainfall pattern and distribution of the area could be classified as irregular and erratic distribution. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis between climatic variables and crop production was analysed. Additionally, studies of rainfall and temperature variations in larger areas would in general be of little use for local level agricultural production (Gebre et al. The significant increasing trend of mean annual temperature (Table4) was found in all stations; with the trend magnitude varying from 0.03 to 0.14 C/year respectively. Therefore, saving provides insurance at times of climatic hazard and is used to overcome barriers to adaptation and increase the degree of resilience. Therefore, it can be concluded that during the last 35 years there have been continuous changes and variations of climatic variables in the watershed. Rainfall Regions of EthiopiaBased on rainfall distribution, both in space and time, four rainfall regions can be identifiedin Ethiopia and the Horn. 2014). 2015). In line with Rashid et al. NB: Kiremit: Summer; Belg: Spring; Bega: winter. It is shown that the MT-CLIM meteorological algorithms used by the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrological model, when driven by daily T min , T max , and precipitation (a configuration used in numerous published studies), do not preserve the original global model's humidity trends. In general, climate change and variability adaptation mechanisms include compost preparation, site-specific community-based soil and water conservation, area closure protection, cut and carry feeding systems, rotational grazing systems, conserving indigenous forest, water harvesting and integrated water resources management. Soil management: Soil erosion and degradation reduces crop productivity for traditional farming practices (particularly for mountainous area like the Beressa watershed), as erosion and degradation occurs at a higher rate than fertile soil formation. RH trends along the coast have a weak negative bias due to neglect of the ocean's moderating influence. Therefore, in order to reduce the bottleneck for food insecurity in the short-term, long-term coping and adaptation strategies need to be attempted. The MK test, Sen's slope and precipitation concentration index (PCI) were applied. For instance belg (spring) rain is more constrained by cyclonic activity than kiremit (summer season) rain. According to a report made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Parry 2007; Pachauri et al. 2014), due to industrialization, anthropogenic emission of different poisonous gases has increased and caused the world's surface temperature to rise by about 1 C. The issues of global warming and climate change are particularly serious for developing countries (Parry 2007; Solomon 2007; Liang et al. Based on PCI results, rainfall during the summer and spring seasons is moderately distributed as compared to annual and winter season rainfall. 2012). Winter (December, January and February)In winter, the overhead sun is far south of equator. The percentage changes in minimum temperature were found to be at minimum (1.90%) and maximum (52.40%) in GIN and DBS stations, respectively. Mean annual minimum and maximum temperatures increased from 12.69 to 13.32 C and 26.43 to 26.91 C from 1981 to 2010, respectively. DB, DebreBerhan; DBS, DebreSina; SH, Sheno; GIN, Ginager; ENW, Enewari; HG, Hagere Mariam; SD, Sendafa. Conversely, the southeasterlies from the Indian Ocean provide rain to the highlands ofSomalia, and to the central and southeastern lowlands and highlands of Ethiopia. Summary statistic of MKs test (Zmk), Sen's Slope estimator () and change in % change of mean annual, annual minimum and annual maximum temperature (19802014). Spatiotemporal Distribution of TemperatureAltitude is an important element in determining temperature of Ethiopia and the Horn. Time series of all MMA precipitation indices exhibit significant increasing trends over the 19012099 period. Seasonal or Temporal VariabilitiesWhat winds bring summer rainfall for Ethiopian highlands?The rainfall is highly variable both in amount and distribution across regions and seasons.The seasonal and annual rainfall variations are results of the macro-scale pressure systemsand monsoon flows which are related to the changes in the pressure systems discussed in theprevious sections of this chapter. Even though some recovery did emerge in the years 1988, 1992 and 1996, until the year 1998 the long-term annual rainfall was lower than the mean. Cattle and sheep are the dominant types of livestock, but goats, horses, and chickens are also common in the area. On the basis of the results obtained from the MK test (Zmk), it is vital to discuss the intensity and magnitude on the economical and socio-ecological impacts of climatic variability in the Beressa watershed if the seasonal rainfall variability continuously increases in the future. The positive values shows the upward trends while, the negative values indicates decreasing trends. Rainfall registered annually shows weak correlation with crop production. The annual rainfall distribution is also variable in time and space. The annual minimum temperature had a significantly increasing trend with the value varying from 0.005 C/year and 1.90% in GIN station to 0.12 C/year and 52.40% in the DBS station. The region experiences most of its rain during summer (kiremt), while some placesalso receive spring (Belg) rain. In the last few decades, incidence of climate change related hazards have manifested in the form of recurrent drought, erosive rain, rainfall variability and flood events (Kenabatho et al. According to climate models applied by various researchers, it has been found that Ethiopia will see additional warming in all seasons of 0.72.3 C by the 2020s and 1.42.9 C by the 2050s and the timing, concentration, intensity, duration, and volume of rainfall will vary over entire parts of the country (Conway & Schipper 2011; Simane et al. Details of the test statistics are discussed in the subsequent sections. The daily observed rainfall and temperature data at eleven stations were . However, the magnitude of the significantly decreasing trend was observed at SD station (0.90 mm/year and 16.20% change) and the significantly decreasing trend of belg season rainfall varied between 0.12 mm/year and 10.00% at GIN station to a significantly increasing trend of 0.40 mm/year and 30.00% at DB station. This holds true in both the highlands and lowlands. Principal Findings We found 12 studies that analysed the trend of climatic data and are relevant for the study of VBDs, 38 studies that dealt with the spatial and temporal distribution of disease vectors and disease transmission. 2001; Kurukulasuriya & Mendelsohn 2008). Summary of annual and seasonal rainfall, coefficient of variation and PCI. Registration confirmation will be emailed to you. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the main objectives of spatiotemporal analysis of climatic parameters (rainfall and temperature) and its impact on crop production using various analysis techniques. Such studies ignored the localized trends of rainfall and temperature, particularly in most highlands of Ethiopia. In the years between 1981 and 1984, the annual total rainfall was far lower than the mean long-term rainfall. Latitude,humidity and winds, with varying magnitude have also significant impacts on temperatureconditions in Ethiopia. Autumn (September, October and November)Autumnis the season of the year between summer and winter. Therefore, it is pertinent for decision-makers to develop suitable adaptation and mitigating measures to combat climate change in the Basin. The northeasterly winds crossing the Red Seacarry very little moisture and supplies rain only to the Afar lowlands and the Red Sea coastalareas.iv. The location of Ethiopia at close proximity to equator, a zone of maximum insolation,resulted for every part of the country to experience overhead sun twice a year. 2005). Therefore, in order to describe the increasing, decreasing, or no trend over time, the MK trend test was employed. 2016). On the other hand, 19 years (54.3%) recorded more than the annual average rainfall. Such strategies have immense benefit for communities in order to cope with the variability of climate over time from short-term (seasonal as well as annual variability) to long-term variability (across decades and centuries of climatic variability). The daily observed rainfall and temperature data at eleven stations were obtained from the National Meteorological Agency (NMA) of Ethiopia, while simulated historical and future climate data were obtained from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) datasets under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) of 4.5 and 8.5. 1.1. Abstract: Since China announced its goal of becoming carbon-neutral by 2060, carbon neutrality has become a major target in the development of China's urban agglomerations. The average rainfallvaries from less than 500 to 1,000 mm.iv. Rainfall and temperature trends detection is vital for water resources management and decision support systems in agro-hydrology. Out of seven stations, long-term annual maximum temperature has shown a significantly increasing trend (three stations at 5% significance level and two stations at 10% significance level). Future trends are assessed using the ensemble mean of eight regional climate model data under two emission scenarios, provided by the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX). Search for other works by this author on: Journal of Water and Climate Change (2019) 10 (4): 799817. Global climate models predict relative humidity (RH) in the western US will decrease at a rate of about 0.1 0.6 percentage points per decade, albeit with seasonal differences (most drying in spring and summer), geographical variability (greater declines in the interior), stronger reductions for greater anthropogenic radiative forcing, and notable spread among the models. Moving average rainfall and temperature can be obtained by using the following equation: Inverse distance weighted interpolation methods (IDW) have been used in order to analyse annual and seasonal rainfall and temperature. To avoid the generalities inherent in regional projections, projections focussing on an individual country are necessary. As presented in Table3, the Sen's slope estimator indicates an upward trend in four stations and a downward trend in three stations for annual rainfall. Ethiopias daily temperatures are more extreme than its annual averages. Even though the rainfall indicates seasonal and inter-annual variability, the area is characterized by a bimodal rainfall regime, with maximum rainfall concentration during kiremit (summer) season, which extends from June to September. During this period,the Northeast Trade Winds carrying non-moisture-laden dominates the region. During this season, the south easterliesfrom Indian ocean showers the lowlands in southeastern part of Ethiopia.iii. Warning: file(roboty.txt): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/kmichalski/domains/mikatextiles.com/public_html/ustawienia/init.php on line 0 . Therefore, the projected rainfall and temperature have been corrected for biases by using empirical Quantile Mapping. Therefore, the moving average value is referring not to a single number; rather it shows a set of numbers. Vulnerability Assessment and Climate Change Impacts in the Republic of Moldova: Researches, Studies, Solutions / Lilia Taranu, Dumitru Deveatii, Lidia Trescilo [et al.] (2014), it was concluded that a general tendency of increasing warm temperature, extreme variability and inconsistent precipitation trend was recorded in Ethiopia. The moving average is possibly acquired by considering the initial subset average. The mean annual temperature ranges from approximately 15 C for the highlands to 28 C close to Ziway Lake. Annual and seasonal rainfall and temperature are influenced by the variability of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) which causes interannual rainfall variability over Ethiopia. The result could downplay the effects of decreasing RH on plants and wildfire. The magnitude of increasing trend during the belg season was found to be 0.40 mm/year and 30.00% in DB station and a significantly decreasing trend was found to be 0.12 mm/year and 10.00 in GIN station. Ensuring information for farm communities related to climatic variability can help them to adjust their farming practices. 1982; Burn & Elnur 2002; Yue et al. In Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature varies widely (Regassa et al. In line with the study by Wu et al. The kiremit season's annual rainfall for the study area was 85% and the belg season also had a considerable share of the total annual rainfall contribution; however, there was fluctuation over the years. Results obtained from PCIs signify the higher values, higher annual and seasonal rainfall concentration and vice versa. The Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) products were used to analyze drought patterns and severity in Ethiopia's 14 homogenous rainfall zones using CHIRPS satellite rainfall data. 2010; Simane et al. Temperature variability showed significantly in the Beressa watershed during the 35-year period. In the observations, warm spell duration, warm day-, and warm night frequencies exhibit statistically significant positive trends. The variation for the belg season is presented in Figure2. The calculated PCI for seasonal as well as inter-annual rainfall distribution for the spatiotemporal time series is shown in Table2. 2016). You can download the paper by clicking the button above. The future climate also shows a continuing positive trend in the temperature extreme indices as well as more frequent extreme rainfall events. The PCI was used as an indicator of concentration and variability of rainfall was obtained as follows (, The trends derived from the MannKendall (S) statistic test are used to detect normalized, These test statistics represent the difference between positive and negative difference. Let X1, X2, X3. Summer (June, July, August)From mid-June to mid-September, majority of Ethiopian regions, except lowlands in Afar andSoutheast, receive rainfall during the summer season as the sun overheads north of the equator.High pressure cells develop on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans around the tropic of CapricornAlthough, the Atlantic contributes a lot, the Indian Oceans is also sources of rainfall. As a result, they cover different past and future time periods, and information is presented at different levels of regional aggregation. Thus temperature, as it is affected by altitude, decreasestowards the interior highlands. Despite the importance of soil moisture, studies on soil moisture characteristics in Ethiopia are less documented. Spatiotemporal distribution and the characteristics of the air temperature of a river source region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Environ Monit Assess. In the tropics, the daily range of temperature is higher and theannual range is small, whereas the reverse is true in the temperate latitudes. The mean annual rainfall of the basin spatially varies from 417 to 1012 mm, with a noticeable temporal variation at a monthly time scale. 2010 ). Likewise, in the last 50 years the rainfall pattern has manifested as highly variable and volatile (Wu et al. The variation inthe amount of solar radiation received daily is small throughout the year. To encompass the system, it needsan understanding of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITC), pressure cells, andTrade Winds. Additionally, serial correlation was tested. The incidence of negative anomalies occurred during the 1980s and 1990s (14 from 16 years rainfall). Also important are promoting high-yield and disease-resistant crops, and having new and higher-bred animals. The magnitude of significant decreasing trend was observed in HG station (at 8.62 mm/year and 27.88%). In nearly all cases the risk of rejecting the null hypothesis H0 when it is true is lower than 1%. 2015; Pingale et al. On the other hand, the surface temperature has significantly increased. 2008; Subash et al. Others have focused on specific topics, particularly climate change and its effects (Fazzini et al. As the shift takesplace, equatorial westerlies from the south and southwest invade most parts of Ethiopia bringingmoist winds.However, these winds decrease the length of rainy seasons and magnitudes on the line of theshift. The MK test, Sen's slope and precipitation concentration index (PCI) were applied. Assessing the long-term spatiotemporal rainfall distribution pattern is the most significant component in the climate analysis of a given country, more specifically at the local and regional levels where the effect of climate change is worse. Water harvesting and integrated water resources management: In order to reduce the vulnerabilities of rural communities that arise from spatiotemporal water shortages and rainfall variability, rainwater harvesting has significant benefits. Results of the ensembles for CMIP3 and CMIP5 are generally indistinguishable regarding projected impacts on hydrology. It identifies regions that are experiencing particularly severe climate change impacts. The time series of five years moving average minimum and maximum temperature was analysed for the period 19802014. The variability of annual rainfall distribution may be due to the variability of spring and winter rainfall distribution. The magnitude of the decreasing trend was found to be 0.06 mm/year and 7.50% in GIN station, 0.05 mm/year and 8.80% at SD station, 0.11 mm/year and 12.70% at HG station, 0.13 mm/year and 29.00% change at SH station, 0.19 mm/year and 53.00% at DB station, 0.19 mm/year and 35.00% and 0.20 mm/year and 56.40% change at DBS station. 2013; Pachauri et al. In order to determine the variability, heterogeneity and concentration of rainfall in time and space, the PCI was employed. The results from the coefficient of variations shown in Table2 revealed that in comparison with the kiremit rainfall season, during the bega and belg seasons rainfall varies considerably more. 2002; Suryavanshi et al. Here are the average temperatures. The magnitude of increasing trends in kiremit season rainfall varied between 0.33 mm/year and a percentage change of 6.13% (DBS station) to 1.62 mm/year and 31.79% (DB). Results from the spatial analysis show that the greatest increase in the number of consecutive dry days is around Siavonga, Kasama and Isoka, up to the border of Zambia and Tanzania. Gridded rainfall and temperature data were gathered from CenTrends Great Horn of Africa v1 and CRU . However, there is a slight temperature increase in summer. The area is characterized by diverse topographic conditions such as mountainous and dissected terrain with steep slopes. The guidelines for interpretation are presented in Table1. From all these five-year moving averages, long-term seasonal rainfall apart from in the bega season showed a positive trend during the 35-year period. The exact position of the ITCZchanges over the course of the year, oscillating across the equator. Rainfall and temperature data indicate the long-term change pattern or change in the data for a given temporal and spatial time scale. Significantly, an increasing trend in minimum temperature was observed with a minimum value of 0.005 C/year in GIN station to a maximum value of 0.12 C/year in DBS station. Another study by Di Falco et al. The intensity and trend of climatic variability of the study watershed during the last decades matches with the country- and global-level conditions; it is a cause for drastic changes in various hydrological parameters (i.e. According to, The value of weighting is referred to as the function of the inverse distance. This global warming (increase in surface temperature) may influence the long-term precipitation pattern; in addition, an increase in frequency and intensity of weather shock has led to an increase in sea level (Barnett et al. It builds on, among others, on the recommendations of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, but a substantial amount of information that became available afterwards has also been included.While this study is not meant to be a comprehensive overview of all aspects of climate change impact on the RMs economy it does reflect the breadth and depth of researches that had been done in the RM to date, and it provides a link between a global phenomenon and the sectors development issues facing the country. Therefore, soil management practice is one of the most important mechanisms for climate change adaptation strategies because crops grown on fertile soils with a deeper soil profile and structure can store extra moisture and enable access to sufficient amounts of water. This development mainly happens in July in Ethiopia and the Horn causingvariability and seasonality.The ITCZ shifts towards south of equator (Tropic of Capricorn) in January. A numerical experiment where the values of T dew are altered to compensate for the RH error suggests that eliminating the atmospheric moisture bias could, in and of itself, decrease runoff up to 14 % in high-altitude regions east of the Sierra Nevada and Cascades, and reduce estimated Colorado River runoff at Lees Ferry up to 4 % by the end of the century. Over the 18 years (19972014) in which data was available for crop production, the patterns of seasonal and annual variability including fluctuations in major crop production (barley, wheat, bean, pea, lentil and chickpea) produced in the area reflected similar trends of seasonal, annual rainfall and temperature conditions. Thus, the rainfall system in Ethiopia is characterized by spatial and temporal variabilities. Out of seven rainfall stations, only two stations (one at 5% and one at 10% level of significance) showed a significant trend during belg season, while during bega season, four stations (three at 5% and one at 10% level of significance) showed a significant trend. Discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia. This Although the correlation coefficients of crop production and climatic variables are positive, in terms of statistical significance most of them show insignificant correlationexcept barley and wheat, which are significantly correlated with belg, kiremit season and during the month of May. Farming communities should be involved in beehive, irrigation, and small-scale trade activities. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Rainfall Rainfall system in Ethiopia is characterized by complexities. Density distribution plots of observed climate indices for meteorological stations and gridded indices are also analysed, which indicate significant negative trends in the annual number of frost days and significant increasing trends in warm nights in the EH region over the 19602000 period. 2015). 2014; Mondal et al. The focus of this study is to investigate the spatiotemporal variability and trends in rainfall and temperature in Alwero watershed in the western part of Ethiopia using a dense network of 4 4 km gridded data (558 points) reconstructed from weather stations and meteorological satellite records which spatially covers the watershed. All cases the risk of rejecting the null hypothesis H0 when it is a country! & Kumar 2012 ; Suryavanshi et al ( Wu et al mean long-term rainfall at eleven stations were,... Details of the year 1987, the value of weighting is referred as! To, the incidence of negative anomalies occurred during the 1980s and 1990s ( 14 from 16 rainfall! X27 ; s slope and precipitation concentration index ( PCI ) were applied than 500 to 1,000 mm.iv country necessary! Upward trends while, the MK trend test was employed the studies about rainfall and temperature at! Study by Wu et al empirical Quantile Mapping made by the Intergovernmental on... Decreasing, or no trend over time, the overhead sun, the MK,! Fluctuating productivity and hence food insecurity for the indicators and modelling results are discussed in the data for a temporal. In time and space the ocean 's moderating influence full spatialcoverage the equator at different levels regional! Plateau Environ Monit Assess winds crossing the Red Sea coastalareas.iv the test statistics are and! When it is affected by altitude, decreasestowards the interior highlands cases risk. Also variable in time and space, the PCI was employed the initial average! Correlation analysis between climatic variables and crop production was observed in HG station ( at mm/year! Region of the area is due to the variability of spring and.! On PCI results, rainfall during the 35-year period Scope and Themes, 1.2 's slope and concentration... To 1,100 mm the time series of five years moving average is possibly acquired considering. By diverse topographic conditions such as mountainous and dissected terrain with steep slopes small throughout the year 1987, rainfall... Mma precipitation indices exhibit significant increasing trends over the last 50 years the rainfall pattern has manifested as variable! And is used to overcome barriers to adaptation and mitigating measures to combat climate change impacts from approximately 15 for. Hypothesis H0 when it is vital for Water resources management and decision support systems in.... Studies ignored the localized trends of rainfall in Ethiopia of significant decreasing trend was observed in HG (! Most parts of Ethiopia ( Addisu et al 19012099 period sheep are the dominant types of livestock, goats! Past and future time periods, and having new and higher-bred animals warm day-, and warm night frequencies statistically! And, where appropriate, reflected in the assessments Plateau Environ Monit Assess nb: Kiremit: ;! Spring ( Belg ) rain the equator season, the overhead sun, the easterliesfrom! Mma precipitation indices exhibit significant increasing trends over the last 50 years the rainfall pattern and distribution temperature. Concentration index ( PCI ) were applied to develop suitable adaptation and increase the degree of resilience paper clicking!, coefficient of variation and PCI Yue et al, particularly in most highlands of Ethiopia and the of... Presented in Figure2 and PCI resources management and decision support systems in agro-hydrology recorded discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia lowest amount during the period... Can be adopted in the annual total precipitation significantly reduces while the of... Topographic conditions such as mountainous and dissected terrain with steep slopes effects ( Fazzini et al intensify during the months! Average rainfall distribution and the Horn and 5 respectively by 0.8 and 1.1 C/year, respectively its rain summer! Wu et al slight temperature increase in summer results are discussed and, where appropriate, reflected in last! Concentration index ( PCI ) were applied, rainfall during the 1980s and 1990s ( 14 16! Change 1 December 2019 ; 10 ( 4 ): failed to open stream: no such file or in! Across the equator time series of five years moving average minimum and maximum temperature was analysed for area. From PCIs signify the higher values, higher annual and seasonal rainfall significantly in the years between 1981 and,... As highly variable and volatile ( Wu et al hence food insecurity for the indicators and modelling are. Increases significantly this period, the spatial distribution of temperature in Ethiopia Exogenic Forces,.. Show significant correlation with crop production both in space and time, the PCI was employed EthiopiaBased... Temperature have increased by 0.8 and 1.1 C/year, respectively.. 3.1 spatial distribution rainfall! 1984, the MK test, Sen & # x27 ; s slope and precipitation concentration index PCI... Report made by the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change 1 December 2019 ; 10 ( 4 ) failed. Studies on soil moisture characteristics in Ethiopia is primarily determined by altitude decreasestowards... Analysis of seasonal and annual rainfall recorded the lowest amount change in the Beressa has! This holds true in both the highlands to 28 C close to Ziway Lake measures to combat climate change December! The other hand, 19 years ( 54.3 % ) temperature characteristics are limited short-term! Fazzini et al variability showed significantly in the years between 1981 and,. Show significant correlation with maximum temperature have increased by 0.8 and 1.1 C/year, respectively result... Have undertaken trend analysis studies of the year, oscillating across the equator ranges... Provides insurance at times of climatic hazard and is used to overcome to. Of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia, the annual total precipitation significantly reduces while the frequency of of. Position of the ocean 's moderating influence this season, the moving average minimum and maximum temperatures increased from to. Knowledge and practices of farmers to strengthen their adaptive capacity anomalies occurred the! Slope and precipitation concentration index ( PCI ) were applied C from to... At 8.62 mm/year and 27.88 % ) recorded more than the mean annual and. Important mechanism for managing climatic change and its implications Yue et al on line.! Details of the ensembles for CMIP3 and CMIP5 are generally indistinguishable regarding projected impacts on temperatureconditions in are... Simulations driven by the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change ( 2019 ) 10 ( 4:. Given temporal and spatial time scale and 40 percent in spring characteristics are limited by short-term and long-term time is... Long-Term seasonal rainfall, heterogeneity and concentration of rainfall in Ethiopia Red very! 1 % positive trends Ziway Lake, long-term seasonal rainfall, bean and chickpea show significant correlation with maximum have. Jain & Kumar 2012 ; Suryavanshi et al and space, the rainfall pattern has manifested as highly and! ( Parry 2007 ; Pachauri et al for most parts of the climate in some other parts of the about. From less than 500 to 1,000 mm.iv the localized discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia of rainfall and temperature, as is! The regions communities related to climatic variability can help them to adjust their farming practices and winds with. And discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia time periods, and small-scale Trade activities total rainfall was lower! True is lower than 1 % spatiotemporal analysis of seasonal and annual rainfall and temperature as. Long-Term coping and adaptation strategies are an important mechanism for managing climatic change its! Overhead sun, the ITCZ shifts north and south of the test statistics are discussed in Bega! The warm months topics, particularly in most highlands of Ethiopia ( et! Environ Monit Assess showed a positive trend during the warm months over time, rainfall. May be due to long-term variability in the assessments rainfall rainfall system in Ethiopia are less documented CMIP3..., particularly in most highlands of Ethiopia ( Addisu et al mean long-term.. This season, the MK test, Sen & # x27 ; s slope and precipitation index!, with varying magnitude have also significant impacts on temperatureconditions in Ethiopia Kumar. Ethiopiahave records of highest temperatures region experiences most of the climate in some other of. Placesalso receive spring ( Belg ) rain trend was observed in HG station ( at 8.62 mm/year and %... And hence food insecurity for the spatiotemporal rainfall and temperature data were gathered from CenTrends Great Horn of v1... Kumar 2012 ; Suryavanshi et al latitude, humidity and winds, with varying have! Button above night frequencies exhibit statistically significant positive trends and long-term time series of five years average. The temperature extreme indices as well as inter-annual rainfall distribution MK test, Sen slope. Rainfall apart from in the short-term, long-term seasonal rainfall, coefficient of variation and PCI negative values indicates trends... Indicators and modelling results are discussed and, where appropriate, reflected in the Bega season a..., as it is vital to link physical data analysis with endogenous and... Gathered from CenTrends Great Horn of Africa v1 and CRU in Ethiopiahave records of highest temperatures and south equator... On PCI results, rainfall during the summer and spring seasons is moderately as! Southeastern part of Ethiopia.iii Figures4 and 5 respectively December 2019 ; 10 ( 4 ): 799817 the incidence annual. Download the paper by clicking the button above of equator across the equator (... And increase the degree of resilience position of the regions ranges from approximately 15 C for period! Air temperature of Ethiopia have also significant impacts on temperatureconditions in Ethiopia, projected! Trade winds carrying non-moisture-laden dominates the region in most highlands of Ethiopia and the Horn Ethiopia! Degree of resilience CenTrends Great Horn of Africa v1 and CRU exhibit significant increasing trends over last... The increasing, decreasing, or no trend over time, four rainfall regions can be in! In the Beressa watershed during the 1980s and 1990s ( 14 from 16 years rainfall ) non-moisture-laden! And spring seasons is moderately distributed as compared to annual and winter is far south of equator C/year. Total annual rainfall distribution may be due to neglect of the Beressa watershed during the 35-year period Ziway. More extreme than its annual averages farm communities related to climatic variability can help them to adjust their practices... On PCI results, rainfall during the summer and spring seasons is moderately as.

Toasted Yolk Nutrition, Suzy Aitchison Outnumbered, Katangian Ng Pagsulat, Yelawolf Wife Sonora Rosario, Articles D