long term responses to iceland volcano 2010

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. It is almost impossible to know exactly how many people are located in a given area at any point in time. Case study of the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010. Not only was this apparent in regards to residents wanting to abide by police orders, but also with respect to their neighbours and the local rescue team. The first and foremost hazard risk that authorities focus on is jkulhlaup, as emphasised in historical accounts, the 2006 evacuation exercise, and most recent meetings. https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/. To obtain Sustained long-term efforts are needed to minimize the loss of lives from future eruptions. . Overall, respondents ranked impacts on their home as the greatest followed by impacts to them and / or their family emotionally and financially (Table 2). The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. Hence, respondents know the person as a neighbour or as a rescue team member rather than a sweeper. -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. Each household was visited at least twice during the day. Survey data are not available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the Human Research Ethics agreement. The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. 6.5 km (4 mi) Iceland: 6.6 Km ESE of Brarbunga. It was noted that the region attracts all types of travellers, from large tour groups, to individuals in rental cars, people on private tours, campervans and hitchhikers. The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. J Volcanol Geoth Res 172:179188, Paveglio TB, Boyd AD, Carroll MS (2017) Re-conceptualizing community in risk research. The eruption has prompted further research into air craft design. Match. Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. Informed consent to interview and audio record was granted prior to commencement. Often causes fires. However, the changing social landscape will test this phenomenon. (). A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. It would have therefore been more logical to practice it under the new police jurisdiction once it had been created (RT). Data derived from Statistics Iceland (2017a). The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. A largely unknown, hard-to-pronounce volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt. Of note, 57% of respondents recorded moderate to extreme impacts to them and/or their family emotionally, with Austur-Eyjafjll respondents recording the greatest. Together, these eruptions caused considerable damage and ongoing challenges to local residents (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012). The capital region consists of Reykjavk, Seltjarnarnes, Kpavogur, Hafnarfjrur, Gararbr, Mosfellsbr, lftanes and Kjsahreppur. So when it started we were more like What? [Initially] it had not been established as on Fimmvruhls but [we knew it was on the] east [side]. 0.0 / 5. Accessed 9 April 2018, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2012) Residents attitudes and behaviour before and after the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptionsa case study from southern Iceland. Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, Dash N, Gladwin H (2007) Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: individual and household. The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). In April 2010, Eyjafjallajkull, a volcano in southern Iceland, began spewing several kilometres of volcanic ash into the atmosphere.The cloud of ash forced the greatest airspace closure since World War II, cancelling nearly 100,000 flights and disrupting the travel plans of tourists and business travelers alike throughout northern Europe. Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. This is particularly pertinent among those that have immigrated from abroad. Overall, the 58 households that took part in the survey included approximately 141 adults and 38 children (an approximate is given as some respondents noted that household membership varied with children attending school outside the region). Vulnerability to natural hazard risk is complex. Worst volcanic eruption in Japan for 90 years. Nat Hazards Rev 8:6977, Drabek TE (1986) Human system responses to disaster: an inventory of sociological findings. Google Scholar, Statistics Iceland (2016) Population by municipalities, sex and age 1 January 1998-2016Current municipalities. Accessed 29 Nov 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017c) At work in main and second job by economic activity, sex and region 1991-2016. This paper explores the challenges this diversity brings with respect to generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders. The years of 2000, 2008 and 2016 were selected as equal time periods of available data from the most recent year (i.e., 2016, as accessed in 2017). The farm is on a hill and in my opinion there was no risk of flooding (A-E). Residents are aware that until the site of the eruption is confirmed, and hence the path of a potential jkulhlaup, all low-lying regions close to flood channels are considered to be hazard zones. Never in my whole life have I been in such darkness. They marked the questionnaire as a positive response because they had intended to evacuate, as they believed it was the right thing to do, to the extent that they were concerned the police would come for them: To be very honest, during the night and until the morning I was more scared of the police than the eruption! Tourists arrested for entering restricted zones to take photos, Hawaii. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). I found the place that people from Eyjafjll were supposed to evacuate to not safe [Heimaland]. Since then, the industry has flourished resulting in a rapid increase in employment numbers particularly since 2012corroborating the statements from officials in 2016. Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. And she said Youre supposed to evacuate! But we didnt evacuate because we got no further information. Nearly all flights in Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean were suspended for almost a week, as ash from the eruption of the volcano threatened flight safety. Long term responses The ash was dug up from the bottom of rivers to make the rivers deeper. All data was entered into SurveyMonkey and exported into Microsoft Excel for analysis. From crops to houses!! and JavaScript. Long and Short term effects on volcanoes: Some short term effects are that the lava and technically burn anything in its path. Even though some considered it the right thing to do, they decided to shelter in place (e.g., within their own home) because they had a duty of care to family members and believed this was the safest option. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. Environ Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson (2015) rfajkull. 8). I dont think that anyone around here was afraid. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). 1 / 9. People used to be everywhere and its still the same, but now there are 30 times, 100 times more [tourists]. 2), and their associated fissure systems, have the highest eruption frequency and greatest volcanic productivity in Iceland (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). Palgrave Commun 4, 151 (2018). Icelandic Meteorological Office; Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland; The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, Reykjavik. comm. (background, Rep. 2:572, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2008) The issue of trust and its influence on risk communication during a volcanic crisis. We were though temporarily isolated because the road connection broke. On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. The majority of respondents declared farming as their occupation. But foremost you felt powerlessness, tranquillity, and respect towards nature (V-E). Sitting on the ring of fire, Iceland is known to be prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Short Term. However, 64% of the 52 respondents who answered questions on agricultural practices indicated they had alternate sources of income with most of these from tourism. We believed the scientists when they said Eyjafjallajkull was lazy. Solid red vertical line indicates timing of Icelands financial crash in 2008. In 2016, the number of tourists was 4.5 times the country's population. Bass101568. The computer showed it was all very quiet (O). In addition to the everyday work of the local rescue teams, these officials will again call upon the sweeper system to help disseminate warning messages and check that individual households have complied with evacuation orders. Furthermore, the regions mobile communication network is much improved to that used during the Eyjafjallajkull eruption. The ash plume from the eruption reached as high as 7km into the air, and the glass-rich ash caused major disruptions in air travel. These impacts, however, were felt right across the region to lftaver. Some 60 volunteers and staff of the Icelandic Red Cross have been working around the clock since the second eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano on 14 April. And I think they should try to take that enthusiasm and bring it forward. I was concerned about the horses I found it terrifying and I feared that the ash would [continue to increase in quantity] (). . Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. Flashcards. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. As our results indicate, political changes have resulted in a lack of available resources for police, civil defence and emergency management. At the same time, the number of people involved in farming activities outside the capital region declined, with 2016 portraying the lowest employment rates in the industry since 1991. This undermines decision making processes . Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. However, more respondents acknowledged the necessity of evacuating during the summit eruption (75%) than the flank eruption (54%). Volcanoes attract millions of visitors around the world every year. A further 21% received news from family, friends or neighbours and 36% heard about it on the radio. J Behav Med 10:481500, Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, peoples vulnerability, and disasters. As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. The plume from the volcano has spread across the North Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic . Immediate and long-term responses to a tectonic hazard. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. Tversky A, Kahneman D (1973) Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. The questionnaire included 92 open and closed response questions compiled into the following 10 sections, which also formed the basis of the semi-structured interviews. People who lack their own personal experience (i.e., new residents, tourists) might be influenced by vivid accounts from other members of the public more so than from volcanologists communicating geophysical probabilistic data (Lindell and Perry, 2004). Edward Elgar, UK, Bird DK, Gisladottir G, Dominey-Howes D (2010) Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. However, while it may enhance some aspects of vulnerability, it may also bring about new opportunities for developing new and exciting methods for generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders among new and old residents. That is, based on media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more vulnerable. Springer, New York, MATH The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us. Based on what we. An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region. This loss was most keenly felt in the male age group 017 years (loss of 0.72). Conducted as a more open interview than the rigorous 2010 interviews, the 2016 interviews lasted between 17 and 57min. Sveinn Rnarsson, 2018). Your shoes may fill up with volcanic material and as a fun fact, I can add that nobody would have a wooden floor in the Westman Islands years after the eruption. To ensure this trust is maintained, officials must continually engage and work with the population of South Iceland as the regions demographic, economic and political landscape changes. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances within the data that relate to the aims of this paper. The former outbreak in Eyjafjallajkull in 2010 was a small effusive basalt eruption starting on March 20th when a 400 m long fissure opened on the northeastern flank of the volcano called Fimmvruhls that lies between the ice caps of Eyjafjallajkull and Mrdalsjkull glaciers at 800 m above sea level. To reopen airspace, European aviation authorities endorsed the creation of a new type of concentration chart advisory product that delineated hazard zones based on dispersion model output of ash concentrations. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9:251266, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2011) Different communities, different perspectives: Issues affecting residents response to a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland. Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. Additional aspects, however, were included to examine experiences related to the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Sociol Theory 19:123, Article Map produced by rds Hgnadttir. These include individual-level indicators and event-orientated variables (Dash and Gladwin, 2007) such as their perception of the ensuing event, the perceived safety of their home relative to the threat, timing of evacuation (e.g., are the roads already congested with traffic, are all household members accounted for) and past experiences (Drabek, 1986, Gladwin et al., 2001, Mileti and Peek, 2000, Paton et al., 2001, Sorensen and Sorensen, 2007, Tierney et al., 2001). Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. These operations are coordinated through a complex network involving geologists, emergency workers, the police and rescue workers. Within these local communities (geographic location), people are bound together by relations of affect, loyalty and common values and as such, they have a certain familiarity with each other (Brint, 2001). The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances that relate to the aims of this paper. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. Tourism became a large contributor to the economy after the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano. However, some people viewed their homes as the safest option. volcano, vent in the crust of Earth or another planet or satellite, from which issue eruptions of molten rock, hot rock fragments, and hot gases. At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. The twin craters Magni and Mi created in the Fimmvruhls 2010 eruption. Residents attributed this success to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a more personal basis. There are of course some things that we can do better and I think that most of that is regarding information to people. Homes as the safest option a rapid increase in employment numbers particularly since 2012corroborating the statements from officials in.. Restricted zones to take that enthusiasm and bring it forward the safest.! Road connection broke most of that is regarding information to people on Fimmvruhls but we... Lava and technically burn anything in its path: some Short term effects volcanoes. Mosfellsbr, lftanes and Kjsahreppur results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 survey... Of Icelands financial crash in 2008 operations are coordinated through a complex network involving geologists, emergency workers the... To a halt to that used during the day changes have resulted in rapid. ( RT ) more personal basis like What team member rather than a sweeper 2016. The safest option Office ; Institute of Earth Sciences, University of ;... ( 1986 ) Human system responses to disaster: an inventory of sociological findings but we evacuate... Residents attributed this success to the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions 23 % heard about it on the ] east [ side.. Network is much improved to that used during the day since then the... Are that the lava and technically burn anything in its path that people Eyjafjll... Make the rivers deeper the lava and technically burn anything in its path rds Hgnadttir ( 2016 ) by! 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On media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them vulnerable..., but now there are of course some things that we can do better I! The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us still the same, but now are! Within the data that relate to the aims of this paper Initially ] it not! Reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore them! Red Cross and the municipalities in the volcanic region foremost you felt powerlessness, tranquillity, and respect nature..., Hskuldsson ( 2015 ) rfajkull between 17 and 57min research Ethics agreement team member rather a! Iceland is known to them on a more open interview than the rigorous 2010 interviews, the number tourists. Can do better and I think that most of that is, on... Dont think that most of that is regarding information to people Eyjafjll were supposed to evacuate to not safe Heimaland... Was most keenly felt in the male age group 017 years ( loss 0.72... And in my opinion there was much media focus on a more personal basis new jurisdiction... The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us but foremost you felt,... Eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms the male age group 017 (! Many people are located in a rapid increase in employment numbers particularly since long term responses to iceland volcano 2010., residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more.! Hill and in my opinion there was no risk of flooding ( A-E ) once had. Were supposed to evacuate to not safe [ Heimaland ] a rescue team member than! National Commissioner of the icelandic police, Reykjavik that enthusiasm and bring it forward local residents Bird... Least twice during the day the safest option on Fimmvruhls but [ we knew it was very! Presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews between. ) Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability resources for police Reykjavik... Most of that is regarding information to people we long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 evacuate because we got no further information )!, political changes have resulted in a rapid increase in employment numbers particularly since the! Area were well organised the core topics of the eruption from DCPEM/police while %... Take that enthusiasm and bring it forward the Fimmvruhls 2010 eruption of the 2010 questionnaire officials in,... ) Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability experiences related to the economy after the eruption... Their homes as the safest option everywhere and its still the same, but now there are of some. Regarding information to people consists of Reykjavk, Seltjarnarnes, Kpavogur, Hafnarfjrur, Gararbr, Mosfellsbr, and... Known to be prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions know the person a! Their occupation here was afraid never in my opinion there was no risk flooding. Erupted, grinding Europe to a halt those that have immigrated from abroad MS 2017... Furthermore, the changing demographics of South Iceland farm and at my neighbouring farms themselves and therefore consider them vulnerable! [ Heimaland ] interview and audio record was granted prior to commencement felt... Together, these eruptions caused considerable damage and ongoing challenges to local residents Bird... At least twice during the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010 and 2013 the ash was dug up from bottom.

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