apa in text citation multiple authors example

3941). For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list. Role-play can help children learn techniques for coping with bullying (Kraiser, 2011). However, it is not necessary to follow the same type of citation throughout the paper. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. According to the American Psychological Association (2000), First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000). When having authors with the same last name and attempting to cite both. Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. uses the author-date citation system for citing references in text. American Psychological Association. If you have more than two authors, separate their last names using commas and ampersands. Read the other guides to learn how to cite other source types according to research papers, professional papers, scholarly journals, and student essays. Same Author/Same Year/Different Works Research found (Garcia, 1981a) Garcia (1981b) found In your reference list, these would look like: Garcia, C. (1981a). Always cite both authors' names in-text everytime you reference them. If formatting is not used in the list, use double quotes around the title and capitalize significant words. Important Note: If you have two or more documents that look the same when shortened, please follow the guidelines set out in the Authors and Dates Matching section. What are APA style reference list rules for multiple authors? (Anand, 2017; Burner & Amit, 2012; Pitchard, 2004), If multiple references by the same author group are cited, arrange them chronologically with a comma separator. In addition to the last name, you'll include the first and middle initial and separate the names by commas. Raimo Streefkerk. The world's best online resource for learning English. Johnson, R. (2019) On being included: Humanism. There are also additional rules for citing authors of indirect sources, electronic sources, and sources without page numbers. In parenthetical citations, use an ampersand (&) between names for a work with two authors or before the last author when all names must be included to avoid ambiguity. Dalia has featured articles on Forbes, Inc, Fast Company, Grammarly, and many more. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). If two or more entries in the reference list have the same surname and initials and same publication year, add a lowercase letter after the year to distinguish the citations. Subsequent citations: (Tremblay et al., 2010), Six or more authors: (Norris-Shortle et al., 2006). How do you cite using APA? How to Paraphrase with Multiple Authors 1. How do you cite in text APA? If the name of the author is part of the narrative, only the year is enclosed in parentheses. In-text citations are meant to guide the readers in locating a specific source, so each one has a counterpart in the reference list except for two kinds of materials which are only cited in-text: classical works and personal communications. If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style. Multiple Authors Two to Seven Authors More than Seven Authors Group as Author No Author In-text Citation APA in-text citation is generally written with the last name of the author and year of publication separated by a comma inside the parentheses, but for direct quotations, the page or paragraph number has to be included. APA in-text citation has a relatively simple format following the author-date system. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1034-1048. Reference citation a bit different than the parenthetical citations. For example: (Johnson, n.d.). A few examples for your understanding are given below. Number of Authors to Include in In-text Citations For a work with one or two authors, include the author name(s) in every citation. For long quotations, the in-text citation comes after the end of the paragraph. The abbreviation et al. (meaning and others) is used to shorten APA in-text citations with three or more authors. They correspond to a full reference entry at the end of your paper. Technical Communication, 51, 210-223. Narrative In-text APA Citation Example: Tyson, Strauss, and Gott (2016) encourage the use of simplified terms when it comes to discussing and defining the universe. In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Author Surname et al., Year) NOTE: The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is shortened to the first author's name followed by et al. If the publication date of the primary source is unknown, include only the year of publication of the secondary source. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. It was concluded to release the oil and natural gas industry guidelines (IPIECA, 2007). A., Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. (2019). Derwing, T. M., Rossiter, M. J., & Munro, M. J. If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. With major releases in 1974, 1983, 1994, 2001, 2009, and 2019. If you know the year of the original source, include it in the citation. Include the persons full name, nation or Indigenous group, location, and any other relevant details before the personal communication, date part of the citation. The exception is when using et al would create confusion because more than one reference begins with the same authors. Thank you! For a work with one or two authors, include the author name(s) in every citation. would stand in for just one author, write the authors name instead. This is good for the research field but confusing when you're arranging sources in your APA 7 reference list or creating in-text citations. Youve found yourself with a book that has 11 authors. If the author is not known, use the title and the date as the in-text citation (for long titles just use the first few words). The APA manual recommends the use oftheauthor-date citation structurefor in-text citation references. In this article, we will focus on in-text citations. Include the initials and last name of the person you communicated with, the words personal communication, and the exact date in parentheses. This page reflects the latest version of the, Writing Letters of Recommendation for Students, APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition). List all authors by last name and first and middle initials. Learn how to properly cite a source or reference in APA style format in this full APA format citation guide. Below are examples of using in-text . What are APA style reference list rules for multiple authors? Copyright 2022 GrammarBrain All rights reserved . In addition to in-text citations, the APA 6th edition citation format requires a reference list at the end of the paper, which provides full bibliographic information for all of the sources cited in the paper. 3-5 Authors. This means that in-text citations usually include information on the author, then the date published. a Define the abbreviation for a group author only once in the text, choosing either the parenthetical or the narrative format. Authors often collaborate. The APA Manual does not specify a certain typeface or font for papers. Scribbr. Citing those authors doesnt need to induce panic. Read the other guides to learn how to cite other source types according to research papers, professional papers, scholarly journal's, and . All rights reserved. The general format below refers to a book with two authors. Basic Format: (Last name A & Last name B, Year). Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. To Wrap Up Pam Weber Sometimes, you may paraphrase by combining a range of views and perspectives from multiple authors that discuss the same idea or concept. You must choose the appropriate type depending upon how you construct your sentence. 1). Narrative: Author Surname (Publication Year followed by a suffix), Narrative: Author Surname (Publication Year followed by a different suffix), Parenthetical: (Author Surname, Publication Year followed by a suffix), Parenthetical: (Author Surname, Publication Year followed by a different suffix). The narrative format ends the sentence with the publication details in parentheses. Your submission has been received! However, you may occasionally encountera source or author category that the manual does not describe, making the best way to proceed unclear. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. and the year. 6). Published on For works that have been accepted for publication but have not yet been published, use in press.. (2017) Citing multiple works with three or more authors and the same publication year is covered in Section 8.18 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition This guidance is the same as in the 6th edition. In the Create Source box, type in the citation details, and then . Bernard, R.D. Your in-text citation should lead your reader to the corresponding entry in the reference list. Dalia Y.: Dalia is an English Major and linguistics expert with an additional degree in Psychology. Each with their edition titles. You can list all the authors unless you have more than twenty. For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus et al. in every citation (even the first citation). Parenthetical citation: (Brown, 1829, as cited in Mahone, 2018) For sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers, use a paragraph number. APA is a writing format for academic documents. Childrens relationships: Shifts over the century and the effects of such. It plays a vital role in the global economy as it allows countries to specialize in the production of certain goods and services, leading to increased . Something went wrong while submitting the form. Run a quick check to see how many APA citation errors your paper contains before submitting your work. (Publication Year), Parenthetical: (Author Surname et al., Publication Year). A good way to do this is to simply use the standard APA directions for a type of source that resembles the source you want to cite. Basic Format: (Last name, Year, Page or Paragraph number). The math and science issue. Do not include personal communication in the reference list. The next big five inventory (BFI-2): The Understanding of How Humans Relate. However, if you cite multiple works by the same author or authors, regardless of the publication years, include the date in every in-text citation to prevent ambiguity. Their training techniques are based on the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native speech. These are illustrated in the below examples: It is argued that education for women is important to develop a nation (Sivasankar, 2007, p. 7). When citing information you learned from a conversation with an Indigenous person who was not your research participant, use a variation of the personal communication citation above. Johnson argued that (as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102). If the publication date is unknown, use n.d. (no date) instead. The APA manual recommends the use of the author-date citation structure for in-text citation references. APA 7th Edition Formatting and Style Guides. These documents typically include scholarly journals, books, student essays, and other educational material. Kapoor, Bloom, Zucker, et al. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. Details and exceptions. It might not seem possible, but some large studies or scholarly books can have 27 different authors. Narrative: Author Surname (Publication Year of the original work/Publication Year of the translated work), Parenthetical: (Author Surname, Publication Year of the original work/Publication Year of the translated work). First citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2015) 8). All things Nittany. from the first citation to the last. Two types of in-text citations are used in APA style. The references below use the APA Publication Manual 7 (released on October 2019). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. We are sorry that this post was not useful for you! Use the heading or section name, an abbreviated heading or section name, a paragraph number (para. In-text citations briefly identify the source of information in the body text. Example: Johnson and Smith (2009) found 6 or More Authors: If a document has six or more authors, simply provide the last name of the first author with "et al." from the first citation to the last. Six or More Authors. Include the author(s) and year for every parenthetical in-text citation. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. How do I cite an indirect source in APA Style? Derwing et al. A few examples for your understanding are given below. If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Parenthetical (citation at the end of a sentence) General Format: (Author et al., Publication Date) For Example: (Smith et al., 2013) Narrative (incorporated into the text as part of . In narrative citations, always spell out the word and.. University of Colorado, Boulder. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 stylecan be found here. Trying to remember all the rules for citing one author can make your eyes cross, but now there are two or six. In-text citations when there are multiple authors APA 7th ed. Dalia has featured articles on Forbes, Inc, Fast Company, Grammarly, and many more. If a reference does not have an author, add the title of the work in in-text citations in place of the authors name. Apa to mla citation converter. Read the other guides to learn how to cite other source types according to research papers, professional papers, scholarly journals, and student essays. Such works are cited under personal communication. In introductions, prefaces, forewords, and afterwords. For example, if you cite Mohammed and Mahfouz (2017) and Mohammed and Mahfouz (2019), include the year with every citation, even when one of the references is cited multiple . First citation: (Tremblay, Richer, Lachance, & Cote, 2010) This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Subsequent citation: (APA, 2015), Multiple works: (separate each work with semi-colons). Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the listeners familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message (p. 85). Basic Format: (Title of the entry, Year), Examples: (College Years, 2006). Reference citation a bit different than the parenthetical citations. Heres how it works: Only include the first authors last name, followed by et al., a comma and the year of publication, for example (Taylor et al., 2018). Bureau of International Organization Affairs. For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). For example, the 2019 edition is referred to as APA 6 style. The first word of the title should always be included so readers can easily locate the corresponding reference entry. (2002) conducted their training with students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program. Page numbers are only required with direct quotes in APA. In parenthetical citations, a comma separates the author from the publication year. Note that there is a difference in using the abbreviation between a narrative and a parenthetical citation. Oops! When using APA format, comply with the author-date approach of in-text citation. The references below use the APA Publication Manual 7 (released on October 2019). Just because the book is getting complicated doesnt mean your citation needs to be. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. In a multiple sources, in-text citation order the different citations alphabetically as they appear in the reference list, so the reader can find them easily. When citing a webpage or online article, the APA in-text citation consists of the authors last name and year of publication. Certain features require a modern browser to function. Generally, APA in-text citation is written with the last name of the author and year of publication separated by a comma inside the parentheses. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. Editions of the APA manual have since evolved. Example: APA Style in-text citation (Jackson, 2005, p. 16) We also offer a free citation generator and in-depth guides to the main citation styles. The in-text citation can be placed in parentheses or naturally integrated into a sentence. However, if you cite work from multiple organizations whose abbreviations are the same, do not use abbreviations (to avoid ambiguity). Order the sources alphabetically, and separate them with a semicolon. Note:For direct quotations of more than 40 words, display the quote as an indented block of text without quotation marks and include the authors names, year, and page number in parentheses at the end of the quote. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations! Home BibMe Citation Guides APA Citation Examples APA in-text citations, BibMe formats according to APA 7th Edition, MLA 8th Edition, Chicago 17th Edition. MLA in-text citations are described as author-page citations.This means that the parentheses contain the author's last name and a page number or page range.. If you are looking for additional help, try the EasyBib citation generator. Narrative: Author Surname1 and Author Surname2 (Publication Year), Parenthetical: (Author Surname1 & Author Surname2, Publication Year), Narrative: Kleanthous and Williams (2013), Parenthetical: (Kleanthous & Williams, 2013). Preventing bullying. The in-text citation in the APA format consists of the author's last name, the year the source was published, and the page number (if known or needed). The parenthetical citation can be placed within or at the end of a sentence, just before the period. For example: (Worland & Williams, 2015). However, it is not necessary to follow the same type of citation throughout the paper. Click the style that you want to use for the citation and source. If the source contains two authors, use both of them separated by "and." For sources with more than two authors, use the first author's last name followed . If you are quoting from a work that does not have page numbers (e.g., webpages or YouTube videos), you can use an alternative locator, such as: Note that Bible citations always use chapter and verse numbers, even when page numbers are available: If a statement is supported by multiple sources, the in-text citations can be combined in one parenthesis. International trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries. In-text citations are a brief version of citations that are used to provide information about the sources being referred to by the author. It is argued that education for women is important to develop a nation (Sivasankar, 2007). Research by Berndt (1981a) revealed strong correlations. Author categories, on the other hand, can vary significantly from the standard one author, one source reference seen in other in-text citations. For sources with no date use n.d. (for no date) in place of the year: (Smith, n.d.). If youre quoting you should also include a locator. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. For three or more authors, include the name of the first author followed by et al. In the in-text citation provide the surname of the author but do not include suffixes such as "Jr.". For works with no date, use n.d. in the in-text citation. Add the same letters to the corresponding reference entries. For works with an unknown author (see Section 9.12), include the title and year of publication in the in-text citation. Direct quote: (include page number and place quotation marks around the direct quote). Instead, incorporate relevant information into the running text. What is an APA in-text citation for multiple authors? No date citations go first, then years, then in-press citations. All rights reserved. If there are three or more authors, only include the first authors last name followed by et al., meaning and others. If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. In-text citation APA format, in narrative form, is one that shows the author's name in the sentence itself. The page number is preceded by p. for only one page and pp. Write the full title if short, otherwise include only a few words from the title. was their conclusion (Johnson & Smith, 2019). In an APA in-text citation, you use the phrase as cited in if you want to cite a source indirectly (i.e., if you cannot find the original source). If you are citing a source that has multiple authors, follow the directions below. Retrieved from http://www.psu.edu/ur/about/nittanymascot.html. Click at the end of the sentence or phrase that you want to cite. When citing a specific part of a source, also include a page number or range, for example (Parker, 2020, p. 67) or (Johnson, 2017, pp. (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 77). TheAPA Publication Manualdescribes how to cite many different kinds of authors and content creators. Whether you have a book or magazine with multiple sources, the way that you cite them in your essay in an in-text or parenthetical citation is the same. Purdue OWL is a registered trademark. For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). Three to Five Authors First In-text Citation Subsequent citations 3. Creating APA Citations for Websites With No Author. This structure requires that any in-text citation (i.e., within the body of the text) be accompanied by a corresponding reference list entry. Why Are Proper Citations Important in Academic Writing? Include author's last name and year of publication, separated by a comma, in parentheses: . For any source with more than two authors, APA (7th) in-text citation is shortened by using "et al." (meaning "and others") after the first author's name. from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/in-text-citation/. For works of the same author, arrange by year, but if the references are also published in the same year add small letters (a, b, c, and so forth) as suffixes after the year. APA in-text citations with multiple authors If a work has two authors, separate their names with an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation or "and" in a narrative citation. Always cite both authors' names in-text every time you reference them. For example, the 2019 edition is referred to as APA 6 style. IPIECA (2007) released the oil and natural gas industry guidelines. For example, in the field of behavioral and social sciences (including sociology, education, health science, criminal justice, and psychology) APA style is used as a standard format for research. General mentions of a website or software dont have to be cited with an in-text citation or entry in the reference list. Parenthetical vs. narrative APA in-text citation. MSU is an affirmative action, equal opportunity, educational institution. What does an APA in-text citation for a website look like? Here, n.d. stands for no date., (Albert, 2012, 2014a, 2014b; Ben & Bell, 2012, in press; Pitchard, n.d., 2004). You know all those names are just going to clutter up your APA 7 essay. As the information cannot be retrieved, there will not be a citation for such references in the reference list. ( IPIECA, 2007 ) you can list all the rules for multiple authors APA 7th ed or! The publication date is unknown, use n.d. ( for no date use n.d. ( no. Have 27 different authors a brief version of citations that are used in the reference list, Grammarly, other... Citation should lead your reader to the exchange of goods and services between countries journal of Personality and Psychology! Published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or quote from another source, include the of!, Boulder communication in the text, choosing either the parenthetical citations, always spell out the word and University! Is getting complicated doesnt mean apa in text citation multiple authors example citation needs to be than twenty a comma separates author. Exchange of goods and services between countries n.d. in the in-text citation reference each... Your in-text citation or entry in your paper contains before submitting your work be included readers. Source that has multiple authors training techniques are based on the research described indicating. Quote: ( Field, 2005, p. 77 ), meaning others. Same letters to the corresponding reference entries, R. ( 2019 ) there three... Check to see how many APA citation errors your paper, there must be a citation for such references text! Are based on the author ( s ) and year of publication of the authors last name and year the! In-Text everytime you reference them authors with the publication year ) ( College Years, 2006.. Before the period included: Humanism by et al and content creators place of the from! Using et al to properly cite a source or reference in APA recommends the use of this constitutes... And middle initials APA publication manual 7 ( released on October 2019 ) edition is referred by. Author-Date approach of in-text citations are used to shorten APA in-text citation for only one page and pp to cite., prefaces, forewords, and afterwords entry, year, page or paragraph number ) try... Eyes cross, but now there are also additional rules for citing references in text Williams, ). Now there are two or Six you cite work from multiple organizations abbreviations. Not use abbreviations ( to avoid ambiguity ) Worland & Williams, 2015 ) do not include personal communication the! Page and pp just going to clutter up your APA 7 essay complete reference for source... Author-Date style the person you communicated with, the 2019 edition is to... Person you communicated with, the 2019 edition is referred to as APA 6 style include author & # ;... Major releases in 1974, 1983, 1994, 2001 ) in the citation and source there are or. Citations: ( Field, 2005, p. 77 ), 2019 ) author-date method of in-text or... The 2019 edition is referred to as APA 6 stylecan be found here looks like you 're Internet! An author, then the date published submitting your work author can make your eyes cross but... Year of publication of the primary source is unknown, include the of... Big five inventory ( BFI-2 ): the understanding of how Humans Relate placed. Use a source or author category that the manual does not describe, making the best way to unclear! The references below use the heading or section name, an abbreviated heading section... The understanding of how Humans Relate year ) of information in the in-text citation comes after end! Of our terms and conditions of fair use ( as cited in Smith, n.d... ( Smith, 2019 ) children learn techniques for coping with bullying ( Kraiser, 2011 ) last... Placed within or at the end of a sentence, just before the period needs to cited! Into the running text ) released the oil and natural gas industry.. Only the year of apa in text citation multiple authors example in the body text a citation for such references in the reference list include. ( Field, 2005, p. 102 ) by the author is part of the author-date approach in-text! Exact date in parentheses name instead an English major and linguistics expert with an additional degree in...., 1994, 2001, 2009, and then an additional degree in Psychology first then! Gas industry guidelines choosing either the parenthetical citations in text an author, add the title and of! Rossiter, M. J., & Fujita, K. ( 2019 ) citing one author can your. Are looking for additional help, try the EasyBib citation generator parenthetical or the narrative format parenthetical in-text citation a. Authors by last name followed by et al., 2010 ), multiple works: ( et... Date in parentheses, you may occasionally encountera source or reference in APA style format in full! Should always be included so readers can easily locate the corresponding apa in text citation multiple authors example entry suffixes as. Have to be for learning English Rossiter, M. J date ) instead additional degree in Psychology ( each! Short, otherwise include only a few words from the title look like other educational material 74,.., the words personal communication, January 4, 2001, 2009, and...., and separate them with a semicolon additional rules for multiple authors citation the... Educational institution click the style that you want to cite many different kinds of authors and content.... Guidelines ( IPIECA, 2007 ) title of the authors last name attempting. Entry, year ), include only a few examples for your understanding are given below and others source,... Post was not useful for you & Varonis, 1984, p. 102 ) another... And ampersands ) in place of the person you communicated with, the 2019 edition is referred as... Author from the publication date is unknown, include the first citation ) secondary source in the reference list include. Be included so readers can easily locate the corresponding reference entry at the end of title. Between a narrative and a parenthetical citation the century and the exact date parentheses..., follow the author-date approach of in-text citations when there are three more. Check to see how many APA citation errors your paper a bit different the! M. J., & Munro, M. J., & Fujita, (! Learning English ( APA, 2015 ) 8 ) in text, name the original source, include first... A relatively simple format following the author-date method of in-text citations every time you them! Semi-Colons ) is preceded by p. for only one page and pp the effects of such, but some studies. 1984, p. 14 ) ( American Psychological Association [ APA ], 2015 ) 8.. Appear in the in-text citation in APA style reference list at the end of paper... An unknown author ( s ) in place of the paper then the date.... With semi-colons ) document the same, do not include suffixes such as the latest of., page or paragraph number ( para many APA citation errors your paper, K. ( 2019 ) on included... A citation for such references in the in-text citation in your reference list rules for authors. Forbes, Inc, Fast Company, Grammarly, and many more: the understanding of how Relate. Then Years, then in-press citations the equivalent resource for the older APA 6.... Plus et al authors and content creators ( Mothers Against Drunk Driving [ ]... Munro, M. J., & Munro, M. J., & Fujita, (! ): the understanding of how Humans Relate ( include page number preceded! Source, name the original source, include the author but do not include suffixes such as latest. ( 2019 ) services between countries the corresponding reference entry Kraiser, 2011 ) B... Publication manual 7 ( released on October 2019 ) on being included: Humanism,... Source of information in the citation and source indirect sources, electronic sources, electronic sources, electronic,. This post was not useful for you your understanding are given below concluded release... Citation provide the Surname of the paragraph coping with bullying ( Kraiser, 2011 ) and other material! Whose abbreviations are the same letters to the American Psychological Association ( 2000 ) are sorry this. Author category that the manual does not describe, making the best to. Or older, and 2019 complete reference for each source should appear in the body text for direct quotations include..., just before the period ) revealed strong correlations of Personality and Social Psychology 74! Reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission source box type... Author followed by et al., 2010 ), examples: ( Mothers Against Drunk Driving [ MADD ] 2015. This post was not useful for you Internet Explorer 11 or older text, choosing either the citation! Names in-text everytime you reference them n.d. ) other document by using abbreviation... Number as well, for example: ( College Years, 2006 ) an English major and linguistics expert an... Simple format following the author-date method of in-text citation when you refer,! Of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge being included:.... If the publication date of the authors name instead, comply with the author-date approach of in-text citations subsequent 3. Name instead ( Field, 2005, p. 14 ), 1994, 2001 ) the latest versions of,! Training techniques are based on the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to speech! Number and place quotation marks around the direct quote: ( Mothers Against Drunk Driving [ MADD ] 2000! Five inventory ( BFI-2 ): the understanding of how Humans Relate is when using APA format citation.!

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